TRANSLATION
PROCEDURES
In general, the purpose of
translation is to reproduce various kinds of texts—including religious,
literary, scientific, and philosophical texts—in another language and thus
making them available to wider readers. As means of communication, translation
is known as a technique for learning foreign languages. According to Meetham
and Hudson (1969) in Bell (1991:13), translation is:
The process or result o f converting
information from one language into another. The aim is to reproduce as
accurately as possible all grammatical and lexical features of the Source
Language original by finding equivalents in the target language. At the same
time all factual information in the original text must be retained in the
translation.
Nida in Theory of Translation (http://www.pliegosdeyuste.eu/n4pliegos/eugeneanida.pdf),
states that Translating is not a separate science, but it often does represent
specialized skills and can also require aesthetic sensitivity. Skilled
translators must have a special capacity for sensing the closest natural
equivalent of a text, whether oral or written. But translating is essentially a
skill and depends largely on a series of disciplines, for example, linguistics,
cultural anthropology, philology, psychology, and theories of communication.
It is not always possible to
translate the segments with equivalent structures. That is the reason why
translators often use several procedures in order to assure the translation of
a determined text. As depicted by Nida (1964), translation procedures are
divided into two, namely Technical Procedure and Organizational
Procedure. Newmark in Ordudari (2007)mentions the difference
between translation methods and translation procedures. He writes that, “While
translation methods relate to whole texts, translation procedures are used for
sentences and the smaller units of language”.
The first classification of
translation techniques that had a clear methodological purpose was presented by
Vinay and Darbelnet (in Nur, 2008: pp 19-21). According to their
classification, translation procedures were classified into two method covering
seven procedures. They are “(i) direct translation, covering borrowing, calque and literal
translation, and (ii) oblique translation which is transposition,
modulation, equivalence and adaptation”
According to Nida (http://www.pliegosdeyuste.eu/n4pliegos/eugeneanida.pdf),
there are 8 principles that can help new translators know how they can best
initiate themselves into the principles and procedures of translation:
1.
A language is a series of verbal
habits that represent aspects of a culture. Thus persons who wish to use the language
of a different language community must learn how to use the words in a
culturally acceptable manner.
2.
The meaning of a verbal symbol is
defined indirectly by all contrastive symbols. For example, the meaning of
traffic symbols is defined by all the other symbols referring to the movement
of vehicles on streets. Accordingly, it is not possible to have an absolute set
of definitions.
3.
Within any symbolic system the
context normally contains more information than any focal term. This means that
the different contexts are maximized and the functions of specific terms are
minimized.
4.
There are no complete synonyms
within a language or between different languages, but such a statement seems
evidently incorrect because almost all dictionaries have extensive lists of
synonyms, for example, sets such as rich/wealthy and run/race.
But such sets of synonyms are normally limited to a restricted set of contexts.
5.
All languages and cultures are
continually in the process of change, and such changes occur on all levels of
structure.
6.
On all levels of American English,
from sounds to discourse, important changes are occurring, but most speakers
are largely unaware of what is happening.
7.
One important aspect of languages
and cultures is the fact that stylistic models have a very important role in
communication, and proper adherence to such models is imperative, but highly
creative writing is not always controlled by fixed rules.
8.
Some universal models of discourse
are very important for translators and interpreters. The four most important
classes of discourse are narration description, argumentation, and conversation
TRANSLATION PROCEDURES
- Borrowing
Borrowing is the simplest of all
translation methods. It refers to a case where a word or an expression is taken
from the SL and used in the TL, but in a ‘naturalized’ form, that is, it is
made to conform to the rules of grammar or pronunciation of the TL. It is
usually used in terms of new technical or unknown concepts.
Haugen in Sari (2009: 27) argued
that there are some possibilities that may occur in this procedure:
(1) Pure Loanword, borrowing with no
change in form and meaning. For examples: email —> email, internet
—> internet,
(2) Mixed loanword, borrowing with
changes in form but without changes the meaning. For examples:
account akun,compensation kompensasi. and
(3) Loan blends, borrowing when part
of the terms is native and another is borrowed, but the meaning is fully
borrowed. For examples: internet provider ——>
penyedia layanan internet.
- Calque
Calque, refers to the case where the
translator imitates in his translation the structure or manner of expression of
the SL. Calque may introduce a structure that is stranger from the TL. For
instance, “photo studio” in English is still translated as photo studio in
Bahasa Indonesia, although there is normally no such Modifier + Head construction
in Bahasa Indonesia Noun Phrase.
- Literal Translation
Literal translation is a direct
transfer of a SL text into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate to TL
text. Principally, literal translation is a unique solution in which is
reversible and complete in itself. For examples, “black market” in English is
translated to be pasar gelap in Bahasa Indonesia. Honey moon is
translated to be bulan madu.
- Transposition
Transposition involves replacing one
word class with another without changing the meaning of the message. The method
also involves a change in the grammatical change that occurs in translation
from SL to TL (singular to plural, position of adjective, changing the word
class or part of speech). For instance, a compound “keyword” in English is
translated as Kata kunci (Phrase) in Bahasa Indonesia.
- Modulation
Modulation is a change in point of
view that allows us to express the same phenomenon in a different way.
Modulation as a procedure of translation occurs when there is a change of
perspective accompanied with a lexical change in the TL. There are two types of
modulation, i.e. Free or Optional Modulation and Fixed or Obligatory
Modulation. For instance, “He was killed in the war” in English is translated
as Dia gugur dalam perang in Bahasa Indonesia. ‘Negated
contrary’, which is a procedure that relies on changing the value of the ST in
translation from negative to positive or vice versa, is also considered as
fixed modulation. For example, “It isn’t expensive” is translated to be It’s
cheap.
- Equivalent
This term is used to refer to cases
where languages describe the same situation by different stylistic or
structural means. For example, an interjection “Ouch!” in English can be
translated to be Aduh or Aw in Bahasa
Indonesia. An English idiom “Don’t cry over spoiled milk” may can be translated
as Nasi sudah menjadi bubur in Bahasa Indonesia.
- Adaptation
Adaptation is used in those cases
where the type of situation being referred to by the SL message is unknown in
the TL culture. In such case, the translators have to create a new situation
that can be considered as being equivalent. For instance, “Take a bath” in
English is translated into Mandi in Bahasa Indonesia.
Exercise :
Translate these words below and find
the translation procedure which is used!
- Video
- Info
- Profile
- Careers
- Privacy
- Linked account
- Your email
- Application setting
- Last name
- Top news
- Help center
- Password
- It is free.
- Username
- Security question
- How are you going?
- A drop in the ocean.
- Psst!
- Cocadoodledoo
- homeless
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